Reproduction steps:
1. Open the attached “repro-project“
2. In the Project window navigate to the “Scenes“ folder
3. Create a new scene and open it
4. In the Hierarchy window right-click and select “Create” → “UI” → “Image”
5. In the Project window navigate to the “Assets/FinishedCharacterSprites“ folder
6. Drag the “Corgi_base_side.psd“ Prefab into the Hierarchy as a child GameObject of Canvas
7. Right-click on the “Corgi_base_side“ GO and select “Prefab” → “Uncpack Completely”
8. Expand the child list of the “Corgi_base_side.psd“ GO and select all of the existing GOs
9. In the Inspector window, click “Add Component” and add the “Image” component
10. In the Hierarchy select the first child GO of “Corgi_base_side“
11. In the Inspector find the “Sprite Renderer“ and right-click on the “Sprite” field
12. Select “Copy“
13. Right-click on the “Source Image” field of the Image component and select “Paste”
14. Enter Play Mode
15. Observe the crash

Reproducible with: 2022.3.44f1, 6000.0.18f1
Could not test with: 2021.3.43f1 (due to the Editor crashing after the 9th step with a stacktrace pointing to a different issue)

Reproduced on: Windows 10, Windows 11 (by reporter)
Not reproducible on: No other environment tested

Notes:
1. Not reproducible when following the steps in a newly created project
2. An assertion is logged before the crash: “Assertion failed on expression: 'range.first != range.second'“

First few lines of the stacktrace:
0x00007ff7f70df1ef (Unity) TransformHierarchyChangeDispatch::DispatchSelfAndAllChildren
0x00007ff7f70d0c63 (Unity) Transform::RemoveFromParent
0x00007ff7f6f3e42e (Unity) DestroyObjectHighLevel_Internal
0x00007ff7f6f3e004 (Unity) DestroyObjectHighLevel
0x00007ff7f6f4938e (Unity) DestroyWorldObjects