Reproduction steps:
1. Open the attached “ASDQWE” project
2. Connect the project to a Unity Analytics Project
3. Open the Project Settings (Edit > Project Settings)
4. In the Project Settings Window, toggle the Strip Engine Code checkmark (Player > Other > Optimisation > Strip Engine Code)
5. Build and run the Android Player (File > Build And Run)
6. Observe the Player

Expected result: The Player does not crash
Actual result: The Player crashes on start-up

Reproducible with: 5.1.1 (2023.2.0a22), 6.0.2 (6000.0.33f1, 6000.1.0b1)
Not reproducible with: 6.0.2 (2021.3.47f1, 2022.3.55f1), 5.0.2 (2023.1.18f1)
Could not test with: 2023.2.0a1 - 2023.2.0a21 (Multiple “error CS0246” compilation errors)

Reproducible environment: MacOS 15.2 Intel, Windows 11 (user’s)
Not reproducible environment: No other environment tested

Reproducible on:
VLNQA00175, Samsung Galaxy Note9 (SM-N960F), Android 10, CPU: Exynos 9 (9810), GPU: Mali-G72
VLNQA00519, Google Pixel 4 (Pixel 4), Android 12, CPU: Snapdragon 855 SM8150, GPU: Adreno (TM) 640
VLNQA00372, Samsung SM-G991U (SM-G991U), Android 12, CPU: Snapdragon 888, GPU: Adreno (TM) 660

Could not test on:
VLNQA00395, iPhone 13, CPU: Apple A15 Bionic, OS: 18.2 (“Internal build system error” build error)

Workaround: Disable the Strip Engine Code

First few lines of the stack trace:
#00 pc 0000000002bba174 lib/arm64/libil2cpp.so
#01 pc 000000000094f758 lib/arm64/libunity.so (scripting_method_invoke(ScriptingMethodPtr, ScriptingObjectPtr, ScriptingArguments&, ScriptingExceptionPtr*, bool)+68)
#02 pc 0000000000966f38 lib/arm64/libunity.so (ScriptingInvocation::Invoke(ScriptingExceptionPtr*, bool)+136)
#03 pc 0000000000ca19a4 lib/arm64/libunity.so (Scripting::UnityEngine::RemoteSettingsProxy::RemoteSettingsBeforeFetchFromServer(ScriptingExceptionPtr*)+68)
#04 pc 00000000006905f8 lib/arm64/libunity.so (CallbackArray::Invoke()+52)