Build fails and “Reference to 'ReentrantLock' is ambiguous” errors appear when building for iOS devices if having a C++ file with a header

How to reproduce:
1. Build And Run the user’s attached “unity-include-bug.zip” project on an iOS device
2. Observe the result

Expected result: The app runs
Actual result: Build fails and “Reference to 'ReentrantLock' is ambiguous” errors appears

Reproducible with: 2022.2.0a14, 2022.2.21f1, 2022.3.10f1, 2023.1.14f1, 2023.2.0b10, 2023.3.0a5
Not reproducible with: 2021.3.30f1, 2022.2.0a13

Reproduced on:
VLNQA00494 - iPhone 14 Pro Max, 16.3.1 iOS
VLNQA00358 - iPhone 12, 14.1 iOS
VLNQA00392 - iPad (9th generation), 15.0 iOS
VLNQA00310 - iPad Pro 12.9", 13.4.1 iOS

Not reproducible on:
VLNQA00120, Google Pixel 2 (Pixel 2), Android 8.1.0, CPU: Snapdragon 835 MSM8998, GPU: Adreno (TM) 540
VLNQA00523, Samsung Galaxy S23 (SM-S911U), Android 13, CPU: Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 (SM8550), GPU: Adreno (TM) 740