VisualElement is applying "margin: auto" even when Display is set to none

Reproduction steps:
1. Open project “IN-43965.zip”
2. Open “IN-43965.uxml” in the project
3. Observe the Viewport in the UI Builder

Expected result: the blue and white squares of the bottom VisualElement are displayed proportionally - the red square with “Display: none” does not affect layout calculations
Actual result: the blue and white squares of the bottom VisualElement are displayed on the left - the red square with “Display: none” affects layout calculations

Reproducible with: 2021.3.27f1, 2022.3.3f1, 2023.1.1f1, 2023.2.0a20

Reproducible on: macOS Ventura 13.2.1 (Intel), Windows 10 (by the reporter)

Note: Also reproducible in Standalone Player