Freeze/Crash on Hash128ToString when opening project with Google.IOSResolver.dll renamed to Google.IOSResolver.dll.REMOVED

Steps to reproduce:
1. Open the “users attached project”
2. Observe Unity freeze or crash

Reproducible with versions: 6000.0.8f1, 6000.0.22f1
Not reproducible with versions: 2021.3.44f1, 2022.3.49f1, 6000.0.7f1

Reproducible on: macOS 14.6.1 (Intel), Windows 11 (by the user)
Not reproducible on: no other environment tested

First few lines of StackTrace:

0x00007FFEF2EB3A0C (Unity) Hash128ToString
0x00007FFEF45C3477 (Unity) BlobArtifactKey::ToString
0x00007FFEF4627329 (Unity) AssetResolver::UpdateAssetCachedInfo
0x00007FFEF461B1C4 (Unity) AssetResolver::GetAssetCachedInfo
0x00007FFEF45E0C27 (Unity) AssetDatabasePropertyV2::FetchAssetMetaInfo