A deleted Vector Image from UI Builder is still rendered in the Game view and "Accessing invalid property" errors and warning are thrown when entering Play mode

Steps to reproduce:

1. Create a new URP project
2. Import the attached SVG asset 
3. In the Hierarchy, create a Panel Renderer Component with UI Document assigned
4. Open the UI Document in UI Builder
5. Add Visual element into the Hierarchy and Save
6. Select the Visual Element and in Inspector find the Background > Image property
7. Change the Image type to "Vector" and assign the imported SVG asset
8. Save UI Builder and Enter Play mode
9. Exit Play mode
10. Delete the Visual Element from UI Builder and Save
11. Enter Play mode and observe the Console

Actual results: Vector asset is still visible in the Game view and "Accessing invalid property UnityEngine.UIElements.UIElementsRuntimeUtilityNative:UpdatePanels ()" errors and "Invalid image specified" warning is shown

Expected results: Vector asset is not visible in the Game view and no errors are shown

Reproducible with versions: 6000.5.1f1, 6000.6.0a5, 6000.6.0a7, 6000.6.0b2, 6000.7.0a1

Not reproducible with versions: 6000.6.0a4

Tested on (OS): macOS 26.5

Notes:

• Edit > Project Settings > Editor: for Enter Play Mode Settings, the "When entering Play Mode" setting needs to be set to "Do not Reload Domain or Scene"
• In 6000.6.0a5, the error is thrown but the Vector is not visible in the Game view after the 10th reproduction step (delete Visual Element and save), and entering Play Mode after that gives an additional error once more for a single time