Reproduction steps:
1. Create a new project
2. Build the project (File > Build Profiles > Build)
3. Observe the Console
Actual result: Build fails with "Building Library\Bee\artifacts\WinPlayerBuildProgram\ManagedStripped\x64 failed..." error
Expected result: Build succeeds and no errors are thrown
Reproducible with: 6000.7.0b3 (d45e8f6ab798)
Not reproducible with: 6000.0.84f1, 6000.3.26f1, 6000.6.5f1, 6000.7.0b3 (1bcd8a307957), 7000.0.0a5, 7000.0.0a7 (b933e2093a43)
Reproduced on: macOS Tahoe 26.6 (M4), Windows 10
Note: Issue is reproducible with all tested Platforms: Windows, Windows Server, iOS, Android and macOS