Insights, CrashReporting and PerformanceReporting modules are not registered in UnityClassRegistration.cpp when building with "Strip Engine Code" enabled

How to reproduce:

1. Open the attached "IN-153359" project
2. Go to Edit > Project Settings > Player > iOS > Other Settings and set Target SDK to "Simulator SDK"
3. In the same section, enable "Strip Engine Code"
4. Build for iOS
5. In the build folder, open "Il2CppOutputProject/Source/il2cppOutput/UnityClassRegistration.cpp"
6. Observe that RegisterModule_Insights, RegisterModule_CrashReporting and RegisterModule_PerformanceReporting are missing
7. Open the "Unity-iPhone.xcodeproj" in Xcode
8. Run the "Unity-iPhone" scheme on an iOS Simulator
9. Observe the Xcode Console

Actual result: No "CrashReporter:" line is logged on startup
Expected result: "CrashReporter: No pending report exists at ..." is logged on startup, same as with "Strip Engine Code" disabled

Reproducible with: 6000.5.0a2, 6000.6.4f1, 6000.7.0b3, 7000.0.0a1
Not reproducible with: 6000.0.84f1, 6000.3.25f1, 6000.5.0a1

Reproducible on: macOS 26.6.2 (M1 Max)
Not reproducible on: No other environments tested

Workaround: Preserve the UnityConnectModule, UnityAnalyticsModule, UnityAnalyticsCommonModule, CrashReportingModule, PerformanceReportingModule and UnityWebRequestModule assemblies in a link.xml file

Note: Not reproducible with macOS IL2CPP Player