User Reporting does not send reports when Managed Stripping Level is set to Low or higher

Steps to reproduce:
1. Open the “IN-96711” project
2. In the Player Settings → Other Settings, ensure that the Managed Stripping Level is set to Low (or higher)
3. In Project Settings → Services create or select an existing Organization
4. Build And Run
5. Press the “Create Report” button, then the “Submit” button
6. Open the Unity Cloud Dashboard (https://cloud.unity.com/), select the linked Organization, then go to Products → Cloud Diagnostics → Launch
7. Wait for ~5 minutes
8. Refresh the page and observe the User Reporting tab in Cloud Diagnostics

Expected result: The submitted report received
Actual result: The submitted report was not received

Reproducible with: 2022.3.60f1, 6000.0.43f1, 6000.1.0b11, 6000.2.0a7

Testing environment: Windows 11
Not reproducible on: No other environment tested

Notes:

• Also reproducible with iOS and Android (by user)
• Not reproducible when Managed Stripping Level is set to Minimal
• The project is using User Reporting 2.0.11 package sample