VisualElement's background image tiling has visual gaps when the element has a non-zero border width

Reproduction steps:
1. Open the attached “BugRepro” project
2. Navigate to Window > Background Repeat Example
3. Observe the ExampleEditorWindow

Expected result: Both bars have correct background image tiling via the background-repeat style
Actual result: The bottom bar, which has left and right borders set, has small visual gaps between the background image tiles

Reproducible with: 2022.3.43f1, 6000.0.6f1
Couldn't test with: 2021.3.43f1 (Could not resolve compilation errors)
Fixed in: 6000.0.7f1

Reproducible on: Windows 11
Not reproducible on: No other environment tested